Ivan Illich

Ivan Illich is a social critic and author who examined how large institutions can weaken the skills, choices, and mutual support they claim to provide. Deschooling Society questions the assumption that learning must be organised and certified by schools, proposing networks of access, exchange, and voluntary study. Tools for Conviviality broadens that argument by asking when technologies remain usable by people and when systems begin to control their users.

Energy and Equity connects transport and energy consumption to speed, access, and social inequality. Limits to Medicine Medical Nemesis : the Expropriation of Health turns to health care, distinguishing useful treatment from forms of dependence and harm produced by medical systems. Deschooling Society focuses the institutional question; Tools for Conviviality expands its conceptual frame.